Our Sun regularly erupts in tongues of heat and fury so large, our own planet would be dwarfed by their size many times over.
To better understand how they work, researchers created a version that could fit inside your lunchbox.
We definitely experience those effects here on Earth. The magnetosphere and atmosphere protect us from high-energy hard X-rays, but solar ejecta can interfere with satellites and spacecraft, including navigation and communication technology, and can cause power grid fluctuations and disruptions. So scientists, naturally, want to know more about how the Sun creates and ejects material in the first place.
. These are long, closed arcs of ropy glowing plasma erupting from the solar photosphere, along magnetic field lines that protrude into the solar corona. These are often associated with heightened solar activity, such as flares and coronal mass ejections.This apparatus consists of gas nozzles, electromagnets, and electrodes in a vacuum chamber.
"Each experiment consumes about as much energy as it takes to run a 100-watt light bulb for about a minute, and it takes just a couple minutes to charge the capacitor up,"Each loop lasts just 10 microseconds, and is very small, around 20 centimeters in length and a centimeter in diameter. But high-speed cameras record every moment of the loop's generation and propagation, allowing the research team to analyze its formation, structure and evolution in detail.
And it turns out that these strands are responsible for X-ray bursts. Because plasma is a strong conductor, current runs through the loops; but every now and then, the current exceeds the capacity of a loop, like too much water running through a hose. When a strand breaks, this produces a burst of X-rays, accompanied by a negative voltage spike, similar to the way pressure drops in a water hose with a kink in it. This voltage drop accelerates charged particles in the plasma; when these particles decelerate, a burst of X-rays is emitted.
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