Ending the Treasury Department’s Regulatory Overreach on Crypto Mixer Tornado Cash

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Ending the Treasury Department’s Regulatory Overreach on Crypto Mixer Tornado Cash
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The Fifth Circuit's decision is a victory for privacy, financial freedom, and the rule of law, says Zack Smith, senior legal fellow at The Heritage Foundation.

The Fifth Circuit's decision is a victory for privacy, financial freedom, and the rule of law, says Zack Smith, senior legal fellow at The Heritage Foundation.had acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner not supported by substantial evidence when it “overstepped its congressionally defined authority” in sanctioning “Tornado Cash’s open-source, self-executing software” instead of “the rogue persons and entities who abuse it.

But under the relevant statutory provisions, Congress gave OFAC only the power to sanction the property, including any interest in the property, of certain people. Doing that, the court said that under both the plain meaning of property and under OFAC’s regulatory definition of property, the term means something that can be owned. And in this case, the immutable smart contracts at issue did not qualify as property because they cannot be owned.

While the district court found the contracts to be “merely a code-enabled species of unilateral contracts,” the Fifth Circuit panel said that in “so finding, the district court ignored basic principles of black-letter contract law.” It explained that all contracts require at least two parties, but here, the immutable smart contracts “have only one party in play” because they are “just software code,” not a party who can contract with another party.

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