After two seasons of record-breaking lows, Antarctica's sea ice remains in dramatic decline, tracking well below any winter maximum levels observed since satellite monitoring began during the late 1970s.
climate models
These models remain our best tools for forecasting future climate. They have been developed since the 1960s to represent the wide range of physical processes of importance to the climate system as realistically as possible. Many research groups around the world have investigated the reasons why models have failed to accurately simulate Antarctic sea ice. Changes in wind and wave patterns, natural variability, stratospheric ozone and melt water from the Antarctic ice sheet entering the Southern Ocean have all been proposed as potential explanations.Emperor penguins need sea ice to breed. In four out of five breeding sites in one region of sea ice loss, no chicks survived.
At the time of its September maximum, Antarctic sea ice extent was nearly 9% below the 1981-2010 median for that time of year. Credit: Glenn Jacobson/Australian Antarctic Division,In 2022, multiple storms kept blowing out McMurdo Sound sea ice during winter. Sea ice that would normally be about two meters thick was around 1–1.3 m thick because it was not able to stay in place and grow thicker over the winter season.
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